Animations Reference
Core Concept
An animation is a Python object that computes intermediate visual states of a mobject over time. Animations are objects passed to self.play(), not functions.
run_time controls seconds (default: 1). Always specify it explicitly for important animations.
Creation Animations
`python
self.play(Create(circle)) # traces outline
self.play(Write(equation)) # simulates handwriting (for Text/MathTex)
self.play(FadeIn(group)) # opacity 0 -> 1
self.play(GrowFromCenter(dot)) # scale 0 -> 1 from center
self.play(DrawBorderThenFill(sq)) # outline first, then fill
`
Removal Animations
`python
self.play(FadeOut(mobject)) # opacity 1 -> 0
self.play(Uncreate(circle)) # reverse of Create
self.play(ShrinkToCenter(group)) # scale 1 -> 0
`
Transform Animations
`python
Transform -- modifies the original in place
self.play(Transform(circle, square))
After: circle IS the square (same object, new appearance)
ReplacementTransform -- replaces old with new
self.play(ReplacementTransform(circle, square))
After: circle removed, square on screen
TransformMatchingTex -- smart equation morphing
eq1 = MathTex(r"a^2 + b^2")
eq2 = MathTex(r"a^2 + b^2 = c^2")
self.play(TransformMatchingTex(eq1, eq2))
`
Critical: After Transform(A, B), variable A references the on-screen mobject. Variable B is NOT on screen. Use ReplacementTransform when you want to work with B afterwards.
The .animate Syntax
`python
self.play(circle.animate.set_color(RED))
self.play(circle.animate.shift(RIGHT * 2).scale(0.5)) # chain multiple
`
Additional Creation Animations
`python
self.play(GrowFromPoint(circle, LEFT * 3)) # scale 0 -> 1 from a specific point
self.play(GrowFromEdge(rect, DOWN)) # grow from one edge
self.play(SpinInFromNothing(square)) # scale up while rotating (default PI/2)
self.play(GrowArrow(arrow)) # grows arrow from start to tip
`
Movement Animations
`python
Move a mobject along an arbitrary path
path = Arc(radius=2, angle=PI)
self.play(MoveAlongPath(dot, path), run_time=2)
Rotate (as a Transform, not .animate — supports about_point)
self.play(Rotate(square, angle=PI / 2, about_point=ORIGIN), run_time=1.5)
Rotating (continuous rotation, updater-style — good for spinning objects)
self.play(Rotating(gear, angle=TAU, run_time=4, rate_func=linear))
`
MoveAlongPath takes any VMobject as the path — use Arc, CubicBezier, Line, or a custom VMobject. Position is computed via path.point_from_proportion().
Emphasis Animations
`python
self.play(Indicate(mobject)) # brief yellow flash + scale
self.play(Circumscribe(mobject)) # draw rectangle around it
self.play(Flash(point)) # radial flash
self.play(Wiggle(mobject)) # shake side to side
`
Rate Functions
`python
self.play(FadeIn(mob), rate_func=smooth) # default: ease in/out
self.play(FadeIn(mob), rate_func=linear) # constant speed
self.play(FadeIn(mob), rate_func=rush_into) # start slow, end fast
self.play(FadeIn(mob), rate_func=rush_from) # start fast, end slow
self.play(FadeIn(mob), rate_func=there_and_back) # animate then reverse
`
Composition
`python
Simultaneous
self.play(FadeIn(title), Create(circle), run_time=2)
AnimationGroup with lag
self.play(AnimationGroup(*[FadeIn(i) for i in items], lag_ratio=0.2))
LaggedStart
self.play(LaggedStart(*[Write(l) for l in lines], lag_ratio=0.3, run_time=3))
Succession (sequential in one play call)
self.play(Succession(FadeIn(title), Wait(0.5), Write(subtitle)))
`
Updaters
`python
tracker = ValueTracker(0)
dot = Dot().add_updater(lambda m: m.move_to(axes.c2p(tracker.get_value(), 0)))
self.play(tracker.animate.set_value(5), run_time=3)
`
Subtitles
`python
Method 1: standalone
self.add_subcaption("Key insight", duration=2)
self.play(Write(equation), run_time=2.0)
Method 2: inline
self.play(Write(equation), subcaption="Key insight", subcaption_duration=2)
`
Manim auto-generates .srt subtitle files. Always add subcaptions for accessibility.
Timing Patterns
`python
Pause-after-reveal
self.play(Write(key_equation), run_time=2.0)
self.wait(2.0)
Dim-and-focus
self.play(old_content.animate.set_opacity(0.3), FadeIn(new_content))
Clean exit
self.play(FadeOut(Group(*self.mobjects)), run_time=0.5)
self.wait(0.3)
`
Reactive Mobjects: always_redraw()
Rebuild a mobject from scratch every frame — essential when its geometry depends on other animated objects:
`python
Brace that follows a resizing square
brace = always_redraw(Brace, square, UP)
self.add(brace)
self.play(square.animate.scale(2)) # brace auto-adjusts
Horizontal line that tracks a moving dot
h_line = always_redraw(lambda: axes.get_h_line(dot.get_left()))
Label that always stays next to another mobject
label = always_redraw(lambda: Text("here", font_size=20).next_to(dot, UP, buff=0.2))
`
Note: always_redraw recreates the mobject every frame. For simple property tracking, use add_updater instead (cheaper):
`python
label.add_updater(lambda m: m.next_to(dot, UP))
`
TracedPath — Trajectory Tracing
Draw the path a point has traveled:
`python
dot = Dot(color=YELLOW)
path = TracedPath(dot.get_center, stroke_color=YELLOW, stroke_width=2)
self.add(dot, path)
self.play(dot.animate.shift(RIGHT 3 + UP 2), run_time=2)
path shows the trail the dot left behind
Fading trail (dissipates over time):
path = TracedPath(dot.get_center, dissipating_time=0.5, stroke_opacity=[0, 1])
`
Use cases: gradient descent paths, planetary orbits, function tracing, particle trajectories.
FadeTransform — Smoother Cross-Fades
Transform morphs shapes through ugly intermediate warping. FadeTransform cross-fades with position matching — use it when source and target look different:
`python
UGLY: Transform warps circle into square through a blob
self.play(Transform(circle, square))
SMOOTH: FadeTransform cross-fades cleanly
self.play(FadeTransform(circle, square))
FadeTransformPieces: per-submobject FadeTransform
self.play(FadeTransformPieces(group1, group2))
TransformFromCopy: animate a COPY while keeping the original visible
self.play(TransformFromCopy(source, target))
source stays on screen, a copy morphs into target
`
Recommendation: Use FadeTransform as default for dissimilar shapes. Use Transform/ReplacementTransform only for similar shapes (circle→ellipse, equation→equation).
ApplyMatrix — Linear Transformation Visualization
Animate a matrix transformation on mobjects:
`python
Apply a 2x2 matrix to a grid
matrix = [[2, 1], [1, 1]]
self.play(ApplyMatrix(matrix, number_plane), run_time=2)
Also works on individual mobjects
self.play(ApplyMatrix([[0, -1], [1, 0]], square)) # 90-degree rotation
`
Pairs with LinearTransformationScene — see camera-and-3d.md.
squish_rate_func — Time-Window Staggering
Compress any rate function into a time window within an animation. Enables overlapping stagger without LaggedStart:
`python
self.play(
FadeIn(a, rate_func=squish_rate_func(smooth, 0, 0.5)), # 0% to 50%
FadeIn(b, rate_func=squish_rate_func(smooth, 0.25, 0.75)), # 25% to 75%
FadeIn(c, rate_func=squish_rate_func(smooth, 0.5, 1.0)), # 50% to 100%
run_time=2
)
`
More precise than LaggedStart when you need exact overlap control.
Additional Rate Functions
`python
from manim import (
smooth, linear, rush_into, rush_from,
there_and_back, there_and_back_with_pause,
running_start, double_smooth, wiggle,
lingering, exponential_decay, not_quite_there,
squish_rate_func
)
running_start: pulls back before going forward (anticipation)
self.play(FadeIn(mob, rate_func=running_start))
there_and_back_with_pause: goes there, holds, comes back
self.play(mob.animate.shift(UP), rate_func=there_and_back_with_pause)
not_quite_there: stops at a fraction of the full animation
self.play(FadeIn(mob, rate_func=not_quite_there(0.7)))
`
ShowIncreasingSubsets / ShowSubmobjectsOneByOne
Reveal group members progressively — ideal for algorithm visualization:
`python
Reveal array elements one at a time
array = Group(*[Square() for _ in range(8)]).arrange(RIGHT)
self.play(ShowIncreasingSubsets(array), run_time=3)
Show submobjects with staggered appearance
self.play(ShowSubmobjectsOneByOne(code_lines), run_time=4)
`
ShowPassingFlash
A flash of light travels along a path:
`python
Flash traveling along a curve
self.play(ShowPassingFlash(curve.copy().set_color(YELLOW), time_width=0.3))
Great for: data flow, electrical signals, network traffic
`